Our three primary executive functions are highly dependent upon each other and need to work in co-ordination to produce eleven recognised higher-order executive function skills that control our thoughts, actions, emotions and behaviours. 

Our executive function skills develop during childhood and peak in our mid-twenties, but they can be improved and maintained throughout our life. 

• Planning and prioritisation – Setting goals and outlining steps necessary to achieve them. 
• Organisation – Arranging thoughts, materials and tasks in a structured manner.
• Task initiation – Starting tasks independently without procrastination. 
• Time management – The capacity to allocate time effectively and prioritise tasks.
• Sustained attention – Maintaining concentration on tasks and limiting any distractions.
• Flexibility – Adapting plans in the face of new information, obstacles and mistakes.
• Goal directed persistence – Identifying problems, evaluating options and implementing solutions.
• Metacognition – Assessing one’s own performance or understanding and making adjustments to improve them. 
• Working memory – Remembering and manipulating information over short periods.
• Response inhibition – Controlling impulsive behaviours, resisting temptations and responding appropriately to situations.
• Emotional Regulation – Managing emotions to achieve goals, complete tasks or control and direct behaviour.

Certain medical conditions and mental health issues can affect our executive function skills and they can also decline with age.

Enhancing these skills can be achieved through regular practice. Developing these skills through coaching can greatly enhance daily functioning, academic performance and personal relationships.